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- Nikita Khrushchev
- belonged to what
- is known as the
- 'second generation'
- of Bolsheviks. He
- was not a bourgeois
- intellectual like
- Lenin before him,
- and not a faceless
- bureaucrat like
- Brezhnev after him;
- he was a peasant,
- and many thousands
- like him joined the
- party in the years
- after the revolution
- #
- Three years after
- Stalin's death
- Khrushchev made
- a 'secret speech'
- denouncing the
- Terror which had
- destroyed millions
- in the Thirties. He
- was the first
- official even to
- admit to the scale
- of the purges, let
- alone to condemn
- them. This daring
- act of Khrushchev's
- marked the start
- of a period of
- relative freedom
- known to history
- as 'The Thaw'
- #
- In Poland the
- 'secret speech'
- sparked a series
- of demonstrations
- against the Soviet
- influence, and it
- led to a full-scale
- popular uprising
- in Hungary. The
- Hungarian revolt
- was crushed when
- Khrushchev ordered
- Soviet tanks into
- Budapest. Though
- a declared enemy
- of Stalinism,
- Khrushchev was
- not above using
- Stalinist methods
- when he needed to
- #
- By spring of 1958,
- Khrushchev felt
- himself strong
- enough to assume
- full power. His
- confidence was
- boosted by rapid
- economic growth
- and the successful
- launch of the first
- satellite in 1957.
- He vowed to over-
- take the US in
- living standards,
- saying "We will
- bury you"
- #
- Khrushchev grew
- over-confident and
- introduced absurd
- policies. After a
- trip to the US he
- made a copycat
- decision to plant
- maize throughout
- the arable lands of
- the USSR to the
- exclusion of all
- other cereal crops.
- Russians remember
- the early Sixties as
- a time when shops
- were full of popcorn
- and cornflakes
- #
- Khrushchev was
- overthrown in 1964.
- His colleagues, led
- by Leonid Brezhnev,
- packed him off on
- vacation and ousted
- him in his absence.
- The Soviet economy,
- agriculture in
- particular, had been
- performing poorly.
- Khrushchev planned
- cuts in conventional
- forces to pay for
- increased missile
- strength, and this
- angered the military
- #
- Khrushchev was no
- angel: he took part
- in the purges he
- later denounced.
- But the courage
- and humanity
- which led to
- his denunciation
- of Stalin - and
- which inform his
- memoirs - were
- his great personal
- qualities. He made
- a remark which
- stands as his
- own epitaph 'The
- fear's gone. That's
- my contribution.'
- @
- When Fidel Castro
- won power in Cuba
- and proclaimed a
- communist program
- it came as an
- unexpected gift
- to the Soviet Union
- which suddenly had
- an ally on America's
- own front-doorstep.
- Khrushchev invited
- the hero Castro to
- Moscow, where he
- was feted as a
- shining knight of
- Marxism-Leninism
- #
- Under-estimating
- American resolve,
- Khrushchev took
- the dangerous step
- in 1963 of deploying
- Soviet missiles in
- Cuba. American spy
- planes photographed
- the launch sites.
- President Kennedy
- demanded the
- withdrawal of the
- nuclear missiles
- #
- Khrushchev felt
- that he, a man who
- had spent years in
- the inner circle of
- the tyrant Stalin
- and survived, was
- more than a match
- for Kennedy, the
- boy-president of
- America. But this
- time Khrushchev
- was wrong. When
- the two leaders
- squared up to each
- other, it was the
- tough Russian
- who blinked first
- #
- Khrushchev was
- undermined by the
- failure of his Cuban
- adventure, by his
- unpredictability,
- and by the effects
- of de-Stalinisation.
- He was too colorful
- for ultra-orthodox
- Party colleagues,
- but they did not
- feel that they had
- to eliminate him
- physically - and
- that is the true
- measure of
- his achievement.
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